评价全球气候变化对我国玉米生产的可能影响

利用我国玉米带１２个有代表性地点的作物、土壤和天气资料，验证了ＣＥＲＥＳ－Ｍａｉｚｅ在我国的适用性，确定了各地有代表性品种在模型中的遗传参数，还对模型进行了敏感性分析，之后，将ＣＥＲＥＳ－Ｍａｉｚｅ在各地当前气候以及在３中由平衡ＧＣＭｓ生成的气候变化情景下分别运行，通过分析与比较模拟结果，评价了当ＣＯ２倍增时，气候变化国各地玉米产量和灌溉需要量的可能影响，对Ｃ煌直接影响也做了考虑。还应用若干农业气     

干旱和遮光条件下玉米非光化学荧光猝灭的变化和组成的研究

干旱和光照不足是干扰玉米光合作用,进而影响玉米高产的重要限制因素.为了了解玉米叶绿素非光化学荧光猝灭(qN)对干旱和遮光逆境的反应,我们研究了qN的主要叶绿素荧光参数.结果表明:(1) 干旱和遮光处理显著增加了最大值时的qNmax和稳定态时的qNs,降低了PSⅡ电子传递的光量子产量(ΦPSⅡ).(2) qNs与qNmax的比值与逆境的严重程     

Multi-attribute responses of maize inbred lines across managed environments

In maize (Zea mays L.) breeding programs, selection among and within segregating progenies is based mainly on indirect selection criteria. A better understanding of the environment influence on physiological attributes of maize inbred lines is important to the identification and selection of superior inbred lines as well as to successful hybrid seed production. In this study, the size and form of genotype (G) and genotype × environment (G × E) interaction effects for plant grain yield (PGY) and several physiological attributes were examined for 12 maize inbred lines grown in four managed environments, represented by two seasons (Y) and two nitrogen levels. Mixed model analysis revealed that the G effect was relatively high for attributes related to light capture, phenology, early biomass production, and numerical components of PGY. The G × E interaction effect explained most of the variability for PGY, harvest index (HI), and biomass production at maturity. Three-mode principal component analysis allowed us to: (1) describe the associations among multiple attributes across environments, (2) reveal the form of the main patterns of G × E interaction, (3) establish the importance of the genotype × year (G × Y) interaction for kernel number, HI, and biomass at maturity in determining PGY, (4) identify promising genotypes of high-PGY across environments, and (5) detect genotypes of similar response patterns for PGY but with a contrasting relative behavior for other attributes, which may permit the simultaneous selection for grain yield and desired secondary traits. Such selection results would contribute greatly in the identification of superior inbreds than selecting for grain yield alone.

玉米品种DNA指纹数据库构建的标准化规范

为了保证玉米品种DNA指纹库构建的标准化,从建库标记、检测平台、试剂、样品、评估程序、数据整合、模式库、扩展库、随机盲测等九个方面进行了全面的规范:(1)通过对不同分子标记的比较,确定SSR标记作为建库标记;(2)通过对不同DNA指纹检测方法的比较,确定毛细管电泳结合多色荧光检测方法作为DNA指纹片段分析方法;(3)规范了DNA、引物、Taq酶等试剂质量,以保证数据的稳定性和可重复性;(4)规范了样品来源、样品类型及分析样品数量;(5)确定评估品种的数量及引物的取舍标准;(6)为解决不同来源DNA指纹数据的有效整合问题,提出了固定一套核心引物、提供标准品种、提供标准DNA、确定引物等位基因BIN、规定对异常带型数据处理方式、规定数据的编码方式等6个解决策略;(7)规范了构建模式库的材料名单、来源及构建方式;(8)规范了构建扩展库的材料来源及构建方式;(9)进行数据库数据随机盲测,以评估入库数据质量.以上规范将为不同单位合作开展大规模的DNA指纹库构建研究奠定基础.     

Yield and quality components of silage maize in killed and live cover crop sods

In sloping areas with high precipitation, planting maize into live winter cover crop sods may help to alleviate the environmental problems associated with clean-tillage production systems of maize. The present study evaluates the performance of silage maize (Zea mays L.) under several cultivation methods: CC (conventional cropping system, i.e., maize was sown into the bare, autumn-ploughed soil); LGS/CK (maize was planted into a living Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) sod which was subsequently herbicidally killed); and LGS/MR (similar to LGS/CK, but the ryegrass was mechanically regulated). The research was conducted in the midlands of Switzerland on a fertile sandy loam under humid conditions during three cropping seasons. With 110 kg N ha⁻¹ (fertilizer nitrogen plus mineral nitrogen of the soil at maize planting), the CC system was much more productive than were the LGS/CK and LGS/MR systems in terms of dry matter and nitrogen yields of maize. Increasing the nitrogen supply to 250 kg N ha⁻¹ considerably reduced the yield advantage of CC over the LGS/CK and LGS/MR systems, indicating that nitrogen was the most limiting factor for maize yield in the mulch seeding systems. With 250 kg N ha⁻¹, the LGS/CK and LGS/MR systems produced greater total yields of digestible organic matter (maize plus ryegrass) than did the CC system, whereas the total nitrogen yield was similar for all cropping systems. The whole-shoot concentrations of nitrogen were highest under CC, irrespective of the level of nitrogen supply. With 110 kg N ha⁻¹, concentrations of phosphorus and magnesium were clearly higher for the mulch seeding systems. There were only minor differences among the cropping methods in the concentrations of potassium and calcium in the whole shoot. When 250 kg N ha⁻¹ were applied, there were no significant variations among the cropping systems in the concentrations of minerals. Changes in the botanical composition of the cover crop sod and in the time and method of cover crop control may help to reduce the competition for nitrogen between maize and the living mulch.     

玉米S组CMS育性恢复基因的分子标记定位

以[Mo17(rf_3rf_3)CMS-唐徐×HZ_1(Rf_3Rf_3)N]×Mo17(rf_3rf_3)N回交群体作为基因定位群体。采用RFLP和RAPD分子标记技术,定位了Rf_3/rf_3基因。RFLP分析表明,Rf_3/rf_3基因位于第二染色体长臂上的UMC36A和UMC49分子标记之间,其遗传距离分别为12.7cM和4.8cM。采用BSA法,筛选了340个10mer随机引物,找到与Rf_3基因紧密连锁的分子标记RAPD Eo8-1.2,将Rf_3/rf_3基因的标记距离缩小到2.7cM,为Rf_3/rf_3基因辅助选择提供了有价值的分子标记。     

若干玉米胚乳突变体基因效应的研究

对５个玉米单隐性胚乳突变体、３个双隐性胚乳突变体的可溶性糖（还原糖、蔗糖）、水溶性多糖、淀粉、粗蛋白、赖氨酸含量测定，并对突变体种子结构扫描电镜观察。分析了玉米胚乳突主体的基因效应及其互作效应。     

早熟硬粒型玉米自交系H21选育研究

１９７８年以来，作者坚持了以超黄早４为主要目标的早熟粒型玉米自交系选育研究，取得的主要成果为Ｈ２１。用Ｈ２１取代烟单１４号，鲁玉２号，掖单４号等组合的黄早４亲本，均比原组合表现优越，取代西玉３号中的“５０２”亲本，Ｆ１产量也有所提高，Ｈ２１选育成功的关键，一是选用中国和美国玉米品种资源来组配优缺点互补的基本材料；二是紧扣育种目标，加大选择压力，采用骨干系测交，迅速育成了超标的新杂交种。     

普通玉米主要营养品质性状的遗传效应分析

用13个普通玉米自交系按NCⅡ设计（7×6）研究了普通玉米主要营养品质性状的遗传效应。结果表明，普通玉米主要营养品质性状的遗传受种子二倍体胚、三倍体胚乳、细胞质和二倍体母体植株4套遗传体系的控制；主要品质性状4套遗传体系的效应值之间无太大的差异，蛋白质、淀粉和赖氨酸含量的胚遗传效应全部体现为胚加性遗传效应，而4种品质性状的胚乳遗传效应则全部由胚乳显性遗传效应构成；母体遗传效应主要表现为母体加性效应；遗传效应预测值表明亲本9636、99S2041-1-1-1和478在普通玉米品质改良中可能有一定的应用潜力。结果还发现，不同品质性状间存在不同程度的遗传相关，因此对这些性状进行间接选择或杂种优势利用均可取得一定的效果。     

利用SSR技术快速准确鉴定杂交玉米种子纯度

利用一种快速、廉价的DNA提取方法,提取了两个玉米杂交种及其亲本的DNA用于SSR分子标记分析。分析结果显示,10对被分析的引物中有4对在两个杂交种双亲之间显示出多态性,可以用于相应的杂交种纯度分析。另外,分别利用同工酶技术和SSR分子标记技术同时分析了来自这两个杂交种的种子样品的纯度,分析发现,对于一个杂交种,两种方法都能可以鉴定,并且两者检测的结果是一致的,但是对于另外一个杂交种,由于其父母本非常接近,同工酶不能将其区分。因此,这些结果显示SSR分子标记技术可以很好地用于杂交玉米种子的纯度鉴定,即使是这个杂交种是来自两个非常接近的自交系的。